The Hunters Phantom Chapter 22 Free Essays

Elena couldn’t relax. She could ambiguously feel her mouth opening and shutting, however she discovered she wasn’t ready to state anything. Her hands and feet had gone numb. We will compose a custom paper test on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 22 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Damon gave her a practically modest grin †which was interesting, on the grounds that Damon didn’t do timid †and shrugged. â€Å"Wel , princess? You needed me to be here with you, didn’t you?† As though an elastic band holding her back had snapped, Elena jumped up and rushed into Damon’s arms. â€Å"Are you real?† she stated, half crying. â€Å"Is this real?† She kissed him wildly, and he met her kiss with equivalent intensity. He felt genuine, cool skin and cowhide, the astonishing delicate quality of his lips recognizable under hers. â€Å"Here I am,† he mumbled into her hair as he pul ed her near him. â€Å"It’s genuine, I guarantee you.† Elena ventured back and smacked him hard over the face. Damon scowled at her and came to up to rub his cheek. â€Å"Ouch,† he stated, and afterward broke a tight, disturbing grin. â€Å"I can’t state that was totally surprising †I get slapped by ladies more frequently than you’d might suspect conceivable †however not a decent greeting for the tragically deceased love, sweetheart.† â€Å"How could you?† Elena stated, dry-looked at now and angry. â€Å"How would you be able to, Damon? We’ve al been grieving you. Stefan’s fal ing separated. Bonnie accuses herself. I†¦ A bit of my heart kicked the bucket. To what extent have you been watching us? Didn’t you give it a second thought? Was this al a joke to you? Did you snicker when we cried?† Damon flinched. â€Å"Darling,† he said. â€Å"My princess. Aren’t you happy to see me at al ?† â€Å"Of course I am!† said Elena resentfully. She brought a breath and chilled off a bit. â€Å"But, Damon, what were you thinking? We al thought you were dead! For all time dead, not appear in-my-room a-couple days-laterlooking-fit as a fiddle dead! What’s going on? Did the Guardians do this? They disclosed to me they couldn’t when I beseeched them to, that passing is changeless for a vampire once it happens.† Damon graced her with a certified, giggling grin. â€Å"Wel , you of al individuals should realize that passing isn’t consistently permanent.† Elena shrugged and folded her arms over herself. â€Å"They disclosed to me that when I returned, it was different,† she said in a smal voice, her feelings crisscrossing al over the spot. Since you’re in stun, a minuscule voice at the rear of her head said shrewdly. â€Å"Mystical stuff, you know. My time wasn’t up. Hey!† She jabbed him with one finger, livening up. â€Å"Are you human at this point? I was human when I returned.† Damon gave a long, dramatic shiver. â€Å"God preclude. I had enough of that when that interfering kitsune made me a human. Thank paradise †or whoever †I don’t need to go searching for an obliging vampire princess to turn me back this time.† He smiled guilefully at Elena. â€Å"I’m as bloodsucking as could be, darling.† He looked at her neck. â€Å"Speaking of which, I’m rather hungry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena smacked him once more, however more delicately this time. â€Å"Knock it off, Damon.† â€Å"Can I plunk down now?† Damon asked and, when she gestured, settled himself on the foot of her bed and attracted her down to sit adjacent to him. Elena looked searchingly at him, at that point delicately followed her hand over his sharp cheekbones, his etched mouth, his delicate raven hair. â€Å"You were dead, Damon,† she said discreetly. â€Å"I know it. I saw you die.† â€Å"Yes,† he stated, and moaned. â€Å"I felt myself kick the bucket. It was awfully excruciating and it appeared to both go on perpetually and be over in a couple moments.† He shivered. â€Å"There was somewhat left of me and still, after all that though† †Elena gestured †â€Å"and Stefan let me know, instructed him, to take off. Also, you held him †held me †and instructed me to close my eyes. And afterward that last smidgen of me was gone, as well, and even the agony was no more. What's more, then†¦ I came back.† Damon’s dull eyes were wide with recollected wonder. â€Å"But how?† asked Elena. â€Å"Remember the star bal ?† â€Å"How would I be able to overlook? It was the base of al our issues with the kitsune. It was disintegrated when I†¦ Oh, Damon, I utilized my Wings of Destruction on the tree on the Nether World’s moon. Be that as it may, they pulverized the kitsune’s star bal , as well, and I needed to go to the Guardians to spare Fel ‘s Church. The Wings of Destruction were†¦ like nothing I’ve ever observed or felt before.† She shuddered. â€Å"I’ve seen what you did to that moon,† Damon stated, grinning somewhat. â€Å"Would it cause you to feel better, my beautiful blessed messenger, on the off chance that you realized that utilizing your Powers that way and annihilating the star bal is the thing that spared me?† â€Å"Don’t cal me that,† said Elena, frowning. The Guardians were the nearest thing she had ever observed to genuine heavenly attendants, and she didn't have affectionate recollections of them. â€Å"How did it spare you?† â€Å"Do they clarify how buildup functions in current schools?† Damon asked with the haughty articulation he generally wore when he teasingly condemned her reality in contrast with the one he had experienced childhood in. â€Å"Is it al sex training, compassion, and below average books now, or do they stil tel the kids a little about science? I know they’ve dropped Latin and Greek for theater and cognizance raising.† His voice dribbled with hatred. Elena instructed herself not to ascend to his lure. Rather she collapsed her hands conveniently before her in her lap. â€Å"I figure you might be a couple of decades obsolete. However, if you don't mind O astute one,† she stated, â€Å"assume that my instruction didn’t incorporate the association among buildup and becoming alive once again, and illuminate me.† â€Å"Nice.† Damon smiled. â€Å"I like to see a young lady who is conscious of her older folks and betters.† Elena positioned an eyebrow at him warningly. â€Å"Anyway,† he proceeded, â€Å"the fluid in the star bal , the unadulterated enchantment, didn’t disappear. It’s not that simple to dispose of genuine y solid enchantment. As the environment cooled, the enchantment abandoned fume again into fluid and fel down on me, with the downpour of debris. I was absorbing unadulterated Power for quite a long time, slow y being reborn.† Elena’s mouth dropped open. â€Å"Those sneaks,† she said resentfully. â€Å"The Guardians disclosed to me you were away for acceptable, and they took al the fortunes we paid off them with, too.† She thought quickly about the one final fortune she stil had, a water bottle ful of the Water of Eternal Youth, shrouded high up on the rack in her storage room, and drove the idea away. She couldn’t even recognize that concealed fortune to herself for in excess of a second, for dread the Guardians would acknowledge she had it, and she couldn’t use it†¦ not yet, perhaps not ever. Damon shrugged one shoulder. â€Å"They do cheat, now and then, I hear. In any case, it’s more probable this time they thought they were tel ing reality. They don’t know it all, despite the fact that they like to imagine they do. What's more, kitsune and vampires are both a little outside their region of expertise.† He revealed to her how he had woken, covered somewhere down in debris and mud, mauled his way to the surface, and set off over the ruined moon, not knowing what his identity was or what had befallen him, and how he had nearly passed on once more, and that Sage had spared him. â€Å"And then what?† Elena asked excitedly. â€Å"How did you remember everything? How could you return to Earth?† â€Å"Wel ,† said Damon, turning a slight, affectionate grin on her, â€Å"that’s a clever story.† He ventured into an internal pocket of his cowhide coat and pul ed out a conveniently collapsed white cloth tissue. Elena squinted. It appeared as though a similar tissue he had given her in her fantasy. Damon saw her demeanor and grinned all the more broadly, just as he knew where she was remembering it from. He unfurled it and held it out for Elena’s investigation. Supported inside the hanky were two strands of hair. Extremely recognizable hair, Elena figured it out. She and Bonnie had each removed a lock of hair and put them on Damon’s body, needing to leave a piece of themselves with him, since they couldn’t take his body off the barren moon with them. Before her currently lay a twisting red lock and a waving gold one, as splendid and sparkly as though they had quite recently been cut from newly washed heads, instead of left on a world with debris fal ing al around. Damon looked at the locks with an articulation comprised of delicacy and a little wonder. Elena imagined that she had never observed such an open, practically cheerful look from him. â€Å"The Power from the star bal spared these, too,† he said. â€Å"First they were scorched nearly to debris, yet then they recovered. I held them and examined them and treasured them, and you began to return to me. Sage had given me my name, and it sounded right to me, yet I couldn’t recal whatever else about myself. Yet, as I held these locks of hair, I steady y recalled what your identity was, and what we had experienced together, and al the things I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped. â€Å"What I knew and felt about you, and afterward I recollected the little redbird, as well, and afterward everything else returned flooding and I was myself again.† He looked away and lost the nostalgic look, smoothing his face into its typical cool demeanor, as though humiliated, at that point collapsed the locks of hair back inside the hanky and concealed it cautious y into his coat. â€Å"Wel ,† he said energetically, â

Gatt free essay sample

The Good, The Bad, The WTO On May 19,1948, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT was made. This was non a global association however a between administrative agreement. This gave the model to the conduct of worldwide exchange. Be that as it may, this extended and developed every year and in April 1994, in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations developed the GATT and made the World Trade Organization or WTO. The World Trade Organization was made with an end and extreme point set in head. Its definitive end is to better the open help of people groups in the part states. The point is to help stock stream wonderfully, sensibly and typically. In this paper you will larn what the WTO does, how it does this, how it is set up, horrible decisions against the WTO and articulations for the WTO. The World Trade Organization is the solitary planetary global association covering with the guidelines of exchange between states. We will compose a custom exposition test on Gatt or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The WTO does this by administrating exchange understandings, moving as a discussion for exchange medicines, settling exchange contrasts, rethinking national exchange strategies, helping creating states in exchange strategy issues through capable and arrangement designs and working together with other global associations. The World Trade Organization is situated in Geneva, Switzerland. It has a yearly salary of 127 million Swiss Francs. The WTO utilizes around 500 staff for capable help of the committee. It has 140 part states as of November 30, 2000 and this comprises of 90 % of the universes exchange. The WTO by and by has 30 states looking for rank with the biggest of these being China. To come in China has simple been opening up its financial framework to the universe yet requests to make all the more, for example, opening the protection showcase, permitting remote Bankss into China and opening up media transmission markets. In the World Trade Organization there are two boss natural structures, the Ministerial Conference and the General Council. The Ministerial Conference is liable for moving out the maps of the WTO. It meets at any rate one time each two mature ages, and the General Council runs the association. Ministers or the caputs of each state # 8217 ; s delegation in Geneva are on this chamber. Under this chamber there are three subordinate gatherings, the Council for Trade in Goods, the Council for Trade in Services, and the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Practically all conclusions in the World Trading Organization are made by accord. Accord non expecting unanimity. It implies that no state truly spoke to in a gathering of the chamber is undauntedly against a significant issue. The individuals who are non present or whom keep away from casting a ballot do non number. This is for the main part of polling forms done in the World Trade Organization, rather than anything non expressed to be decided on something else. The solitary thing that unanimity is required is on alterations partner to general principals, for example, Most Favored State intercession. They other than utilize a three-fourthss voting form and a 66% polling form for the issues. The present Director-General is Mike Moore. He is a Former Prime Minister of New Zealand. He is the caput of the Secretariat, and in a way, the protector of the corporate inclusions of the Member States. The Director-General Acts of the Apostless more as an operator so a chief however. The result of this is certainty. Makers and purchasers realize that they have a more prominent pick of completed stocks, constituents, common stuffs and administrations that they use and that remote markets will remain detached to them. Not every person is content with the open introduction of the World Trade Organization. On November 30, 1999, more than 50,000 individuals assembled in Seattle, Washington for a tranquil dissent. They originated from everywhere throughout the universe and for a wide range of causes. There was sorted out work, protectionists, husbandmans, understudies and educators, individuals of religion, autochthonal individuals and skeptics only to call a couple. The dissidents all desired various causes yet they all had a similar docket in head. They all came to fight the World Trade Organization, which was holding a Ministerial Conference at the clasp. To secure a superior articulation at why they were fighting I chose to talk a couple of their interests. For case, there was a gathering of 300 children at that spot dressed as polo-necks. They were to represent the way that the United States endeavored to blockade imports of pipsqueak that utilized particular kinds of cyberspaces that picking up control and suffocate 150,000 ocean polo-necks every twelvemonth. The WTO called the square # 8220 ; discretionary and unjustified. # 8221 ; Every ecological occurrence to day of the month to go to the WTO has been administered for concern and against the earth. People groups assembled to fight the idea that child, jail, and constrained work, insufficient rewards and working conditions couldn # 8217 ; t be utilized as a balance to know separated against merchandise. Remembered for the rundown, ecological decimation, natural surroundings misfortune, harmful waste creation and the nearness of transgenetic stuffs or man-caused endocrines to can non be utilized as the balance to test or stop products from come ining a state. With the docket they were talking to diagram at this meeting, Europeans could not blockade anymore or request naming on hereditarily changed harvests without being hit with punitory cases and obligations. In the event that the docket was drafted it would let the beginning of privatizing all Waterss, and would give organizations patent assurance on all life signifiers. This would let organizations to make seeds with the eradicator cistron. This cistron makes seeds lose their capacity to replicate except if splashed with this costly compound. There were non any significant pioneers in the dissent simply a major figure of minor 1s. The dissent was alluringly composed, It was a quiet dissent, wherein they were prepared how to oversee power in a serene way. The media, being a device of partnerships, did non demo any of this. On the other hand they concentrated on the agnostics who were revolting and destructing effects. The constabulary utilized this as a plausible excuse to attack the quiet dissidents and that was when everything got brainsick. The gathering wound up being dropped and rescheduled in a state increasingly strong of the WTO. The World Trade Organization has numerous pundits and has attempted to unclutter itself of these charges by clear uping a few misinterpretations. First confusion is that it is with the expectation of complimentary exchange at any expense. This is non valid, states deal with one another and lower exchange boundaries to what they accept their state can oversee. Another is that the WTO is for business associations over natural contributions. This other than is non genuine ; the WTO has decreased numerous mechanical and agrarian subordinates, which lessens uneconomical creation. It other than has numerous provisions in which to let states to secure human, vivify being or works life or health and to ration regular assets. It doesn # 8217 ; t destruct occupations rather it makes them as a more liberated streaming and progressively stable exchange consolation monetary developing and diminishes need. Last individuals state that little states are weak in the WTO against the bigger states howe ver this isn't right, it on the other hand sets up guidelines to oversee processs in exchange that with out they would be feeble against bigger states. In choice, I accept the World Trade Organization is a degenerate association. They region that they are fair, yet they take voting forms and have gatherings without holding everybody present. They have made offenses against mankind that will affect our children for the sake of doing a dollar simpler. They attempt to do proclamations to back up their example, yet they are powerless. For case, shuting subordinates is simply a side outcome of trying to improve overall gains. Having statutes and executing them are two unique things. They state they make occupations, great yes they do, yet these occupations have unsatisfactory prizes and frightful hands on conditions. Other than their vote arrangements are to some degree one-sided. They hold gatherings and take voting forms yet do non request each state. However this is as yet thought to be legitimate. The World Trade Organization is a decent idea, yet it just puts concern and the guidelines of the game unreasonably much over the individu als of the universe.

The Link Between OCD and Major Depressive Disorder

The Link Between OCD and Major Depressive Disorder OCD Related Conditions Print The Link Between OCD and Major Depressive Disorder Challenges in Managing the Dual Diagnosis of OCD and Depression By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 10, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are at a greater risk of developing other forms of mental illness. One of the most common is major depressive disorder (MDD). In fact, research suggests that as many as two-thirds of people living with OCD will experience a major depressive episode sometime during the course of their illness. The causes can be varied, ranging from reactive stress to obsessive or compulsive behaviors to biochemical changes in the brain that can alter moods and behavior. Depression can be especially serious in people with OCD as it can affect their ability to adhere to the treatment of their OCD symptoms. Understanding Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder is about more than just feeling sad. To be diagnosed with MDD, you need to experience a depressed mood and lose interest in things that used to be enjoyable to you for at least two weeks. In addition,  four of the following symptoms must be present nearly every day during the same two-week period: Eating too much or too littleSleeping too much or too littleFeeling either slowed down or noticeably fidgetyHaving low energyHaving feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guiltDifficulty thinking or concentratingHaving recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Typically speaking, these symptoms will be severe enough to cause trouble at home or work. How OCD and Depression Are Related Depression in people with OCD most often occurs after the onset of OCD symptoms. What this suggests that depression may be related to the personal stress of living with OCD or troubles that have developed at home or work as the result of the disease. Scientists also believe there may be biochemical factors that contribute to depression. We know, for example, that OCD and MDD are both characterized by changes in the production and activity of serotonin, a chemical that relays signals between nerve cells. With these biochemical changes can come associative behavioral ones, some of which are shared in people with OCD and MDD. As such, OCD may perpetuate MDD simply by enhancing an underlying biochemical imbalance. Most evidence also suggests that symptoms of depression are more actively linked to disturbing obsessions (negative thoughts you cant get rid of) rather than compulsions (repetitive behaviors you cant control). Complications in Managing the Dual Diagnosis On their own, OCD and MDD require specific care and treatment delivered over the long term. When they both occur together, they can complication therapy and require a specialist trained in treating the dual diagnosis. But this is really only the tip of the problem. By its very nature, major depression tends to affect a persons ability to maintain adherence to drug therapy, not only those related to OCD but any chronic medication that requires daily drug-taking. Oftentimes, feelings of persistent hopelessness can lead people to ask whats the point? If this happens, the person will usually be less interested in taking their drugs, grooming, eating properly, or interacting with others. This can be seriously problematic for those undergoing OCD treatment. Insofar as many psychotropic drugs require high levels of adherence to achieve the desired effect, any gap in treatment can take back the gains a person may have made. To mitigate this concern, the therapist will often need to treat the depression first before addressing the OCD. On the other hand, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), commonly used to treat depression, is also known to be effective in managing many of the symptoms of OCD. In the end, if you have been diagnosed with OCD and believe you have depression, do not wait for the feelings of sadness to pass. Speak with your doctor or mental health provider. Treatment plans can be adjusted to meet your needs and prevent the worsening of symptoms.

Personal Data Protection Act 2010 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3157 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Intro of PDPA Regulation of the processing, use and disclosure of the personal data in our country, Malaysia has been a subject of the interest as well as hot debate topic started since the late of 1990s. Even though the use, disclosure and processing of personal data in the certain industries, for example the banking and also finance, telecommunications industries as well as healthcare, is regulated and controlled by the some industry-specific legislation, but there has not been any about data protection legislation of the general application in our country Malaysia until 2010. There are several data protection legislation have been drafted and proposed over these years, which including the proposed of Data Protection Bill 2001 as well as the Data Protection Bill 1998, but none of these came to the fruition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Data Protection Act 2010" essay for you Create order Then, a new Personal Data Protection Act 2010 known as PDPA has recently finally enacted successfully due to the serious increasing need to curb those unauthorised use of the personal data in our country, Malaysia. The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 was passed through Malaysian Parliament in month of May 2010 while received the Royal Assent on date 2 June 2010 and then legislations will be come into operation on date which appointed by minister of Information Communications and Culture with notification in Gazette. The Personal Data Protection purposely to protect and safeguard personal data by requiring those data user to comply with some certain obligations as well as conferring some certain rights to the data subject which in relation to his personal data. Reason of PDPA enactment Malaysia, after such a long wait, finally (PDPA) Personal Data Protection Act 2010 has finally been passed and came into fruition. PDPA 2010 actually seeks to regulate and control the proc essing of the personal data of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involved in the commercial transactions by the data users so as to safeguard and provide protection to individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal data, by that safeguarding the interests of individual. The passing and enactment of the PDPA is timely, in order for the information can be transferred as well as transmitted seamlessly and that sometimes, effortlessly. As we know, from the traditional snail mail to those social networking tool like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tweet-ingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , personal and often such vital and very important information of individuals can now be very easily shared just with a click perhaps. New technologies nowadays and the flow of changing market trends are big contributing to the increasingly important role of the information in this global market economy. Such information, in particular the personal data of the individuals which involved in the commercial transactions, has come into a valuable commod ity. Last but not least, such legislation to protect and safeguard personal data has been enacted and applied in jurisdictions such as Canada, European Union, New Zealand and Hong Kong. The Act in PDPA is similar to legislation which enacted in those countries. Comparison with Foreign Statutes There has been much expectation on the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PDPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) as it would be the legislation in Malaysia which handles with the protection of personal data. The Act was enacted and passed in 2010 and was recently published on the newspaper on 15th November 2013. It should be noted that the principles of data protection laws included in the PDPA are quite identical to the principles in other jurisdictions such as the UK and Singapore. The PDPA handles to any personal data processed in Malaysia or is planned to be processed in Malaysia regarding commercial transactions by any person settled in Malaysia or person who is not settled in M alaysia but applies the equipment in Malaysia and the desire is not to transit through Malaysia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Commercial transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under the PDPA is defined as any transaction of a commercial nature which contains swap of goods or services, agency, investments, financing, banking and insurance but does not contain a credit reporting business. Credit reporting business such as CTOS explorations would not be classified as a commercial transaction under the Act. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Personal Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under the PDPA seems to be adequately broad to protect the common types of personal information gathered in day to day transactions for instance; name, address, telephone number, email address, banking details and identification card numbers. However, as mentioned, the information has to be related to commercial transactions. As contrast with the UK DPA 1998 as the act emphasis on the capability to classify an individual relies partially on the data held an d partially on other information, the data adhered will still be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The definition also particularly contains views about the individual, or what is intended for them. Hence, we can assume that UK act does cover generally on the definition of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Personal Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. PDPA 2010 regulates the data by processing of personal data under the virtue of the section 5 and there are seven principles in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Processingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of personal data includes collecting, recording, holding or storing the personal data or carrying out any operation or set of operations on the personal data which includes: i) organisation, adaptation or alteration; ii) retrieval, consultation or use; iii) disclosure by transmission, transfer, dissemination, or otherwise making available; iv) alignment, combination, correction, erasure or destruction. The PDPA does not apply to non-commercial transactions, the Feder al and State Governments of Malaysia nor does it apply to any personal data processed outside Malaysia. Whereas in United kingdom, the legislation regulating personal data and processing personal information will have several ways in determining it and the Directive and the DPA protect two usual categories of information: information processed, or intended to be processed, fully or partially by electronic means; and information processed alternatively than by automatic means which form part of, or are intended to form part of, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"applicable filing systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In most circumstances it will be a relatively straight forward task to determine: (a) whether the information is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the purposes of the DPA; and (b) whether the information in question relates to anà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"identifiable individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and consequently, to determine whether à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is being processe d. Furthermore,the DPA introduces two more types of manual processing of information which, if the information relates to an identifiable individual, will involve processing of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These extra categories of processing are implemented in the DPA definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and involve: processing information as part of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"accessible recordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; and processing recorded information held by a public authority. Sensitive data Under the Act, a difference has been classified between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ any personal data consisting of information as to the physical or mental health or condition of a data subject, his political opinions, his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature, the commission or alleged commission by him of any offence or any other personal data as the Minister may determine by order published in the Gazetteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[1] Any revelation of sensitive personal data must be done in accordance with s.40 of the Act, which wishes a data user to be more cautious in processing sensitive personal data. Due to the attributes of sensitive personal data, a greater limits is imposed for data users in processing it. A data user must not process sensitive personal data unless with the clear permission of the data subject. While à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢clear permissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not defined in the Act, arguably, the data subject should be mandatory to provide his exact and precise permission to the processing of his sensitive personal data. However the requirement for precise permission from the data subject, The Act also grants the processing of sensitive personal data where it is illustrated under section 40 of the Pers onal Data Protection Act 2010.While the United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Data Protection Act 1998 stated that whereby Sensitive personal data means personal data consisting of information as to (a) the racial or ethnic origin of the data subject, (b) his political opinions, (c) his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature, (d) Whether he is a member of a trade union (within the meaning of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992), (e) his physical or mental health or condition, (f) his sexual life, (g) the commission or alleged commission by him of any offence, or (h) any proceedings for any offence committed or alleged to have been committed by him, the disposal of such proceedings or the sentence of any court in such proceedings.[2] The classification of sensitive personal data in United kingdom are widely drafted so that, for example, information that someone has a broken hand is categorized as sensitive personal data, even though such information is comparatively matter of fact and clear to anyone seeing the individual regarding with their leg in plaster and using crutches. Obviously, features about an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental health, for example, are basically much more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  than whether they have a broken hand. Religion or race, or both, can always be understood with changing degrees of credence from dress or name. For instance, many surnames are identified with a specific race or religion, or both, and may assume the race and religion of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, it would be ridiculous to take all such names as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which would mean that to clench such names on customer databases you had to fulfill a situation for processing sensitive personal data. However, if you processed such names particularly because they represented race or religion, for instance to deliver commerce materials for goods and services intended at individuals of that race or religion, then you will be processing sensitive personal data. In any affair, you must beware when making presumptions about individuals as you could be compiling incorrect personal data. Hence, regards to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sensitive dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Malaysia shares the same view with the United Kingdom. Case Analysis In the case of H( A Healthcare Worker) v Associated Newspapers Limited [2002] EWCA Civ 195, the applicant, H had been a health care worker, but was no longer working and he had diagnosed HIV positive. H commenced an action against his previous employer, N seeking a declaration that the notification was contrary to the Data Protection Act and an injunction to prohibit N from obtaining the records. He had obtained an order under the rules to protect his identity within the proceedings. The court held that the order against the newspaper obtained as part of the first action, but the new spaper was restricted to publish anything which might reveal his identification directly or indirectly. [3]In this case, the judge states that the identity of the patient shall be well protected, it shall be very privacy and must be confidential. This case clearly shows that the information of data detail of the patient shall not be publish direct or indirectly. In the case of Douglas v Hello! [2003] EWHC 786 (Ch), a claim for breach of confidence, breach of Data Protection Act 1998 and breach of Article 8 as a consequence of the unauthorized publication against Hello! of the wedding prototroph of Mr and Mrs Douglas. The defendant taken without consent and the exclusive right to photograph the wedding had previously been sold to a rival magazine, Ok. The court states that the defendant is taken to be a data controller by which the unauthorized pictures represent personal data and the publication in England is considered as part of the operations covered by the requirement of the Act. [4]In other words, a data controller shall be responsible for the publication of the data which he is no authorized to publish yet. Meanwhile, a data controller shall be responsible for the publication of the copies which reproduce data that has previously been processed. In this case, the defendant does not has the right to take photograph on the wedding and the unauthorized publish shall be considered as in breach of the data protection act. Based on this case, it is well to be said that there is a need and how important of the act shall be come into force, so that the personal data have a safeguard to protect it. According to the case of Lord Ashcroft v Attorney- general Department for International Development [2002] EWHC 1122(QB), There are articles published in newspaper on 1999 and 2000 revealed confidential and sensitive personal information about Lord Ashcroft. The information which contained in documents leaked from the Foreign Office and the second defendant. The issue in this case is whether the Data Protection Act 1984 provided a private law remedy in damages for the leak of the document in breach of the data protection principle. The court held that the private law right to damages conferred by the act would be allowed only to the extent that it sought damages under the section for the disclosure of document. [5]As under this case, it clearly show that the data protection act could only be invoke where there is an actual infringe or publish of the document or data which would be defamatory toward someone. In the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd (QBD) [2002] EWHC 499 (QB), the claimant was photographed of a Narcotics Anonymous (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“NAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) meeting and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  published an articles consist of the photographs of her with the other attendeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the meetingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s faces pixilated to protect their identities. The articles with headline read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Naomi: I m a drug addictà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and consist of information relating to Ms Campbellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s treatment for drug addiction, including the number of NA meeting she had attended. The claimant claimed damages for breach of confidentiality and compensation for the articles and subsequent ones published by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under s 13 of Data Protection Act 1998. The claimant states that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was entitled to publish that she was a drug addict and the fact that she was having therapy but the information of therapy being obtained through NA and the detail of her attendance at meeting shall be private and confidential. The court held that the defendant may publish the articles as consent by the claimant by which she is having drug addict and receiving her therapy. But the defendant shall not obtained and publish the detail of the attendance and the therapy without consent of the claimant, the detail of the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attendance at NA shall be confidential. [6]Therefore, the claimant was entitle dot the remedy for the disclosure of the detail of her treatment. By refer to this case, a person is permit to publish the contents which is consent by someone and prohibited to publish any personal data which may lower the dignity of someone. Cases after the emforcement of Data Protection Act 1998, United Kingdom. In Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd[7] ,the claimant, Naomi Campbell, the well known supermodel has sued the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Newspaper Group Ltd over the allegations contained in the articles that she was addicted to drug and was engaging the in the meeting of Narcotics Anonymous. The article comes with a photo which shows that she was leaving Narcotics Anonymous. However, source of the newspapers information was not revealed. The fact that MsCampbell is addicted to drug has never been disclosed by any social media. In fact she used to tell the media that she would be someone whom forever immune from drug despite their prevalence in modeling industry. MsCampbell claimed damages for breach of confidence, alleging that her right to privacy contained in Art8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) outweighed the newspapers right to freedom of expression contained in Art 10. She also sought compensation for a breach of the Data Protection Act 1988 (UK). One of the issue was whether she can claim for her right to privacy under Data Protection Act 1998. There are three requirements laid down in the data protection principle under s4 of the Data Protection Act 1998 (UK) .The processing must have been fair, lawful, and only carried out if at least one of the conditions in Schedule2 was met, and in the case of sensitive personal data. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  newspaper had contravened the Act. The exemption contained in s32 where data is processed only for the special purposes and with a view to publication only applies prior to publication and has no application once publication has taken place. The court has uphold the claim and held that details of MsCampbells attendance at Narcotics Anonymous had the necessary quality of confidence to sustain an action for breach of confidence , one of the reason is that photographs were capabl e of having the quality of confidence, and had that quality in this case. Court further strengthen that those who deliberately court publicity are also deserve to have privacy in their life and and should be respected by the media unless there exists an overriding public interest consistent with Art10(2). Therefore, MsCambell has been awarded to aggravated damages of  £1000, for the additional distress suffered by the newspapers conduct, following the publication of the article. In case of Edem v Information Commissioner[8], thefirst defendant decline to order the disclosure or the names of three members of the staff of the second defendant Financial Services Authority in response to an information request by the claimant. Nevertheless, the claimant appealed on grounds including that the names of the employees were notpersonal dataand it would not be possible to find them. The issue here now was whether the disclosure of the names of the officials could be withhel d on the basis that they were personal dataand that disclosure of that information would contravene the first principle of Part 1 ofSch 1to theData Protection Act 1998. The court has dismissed the appeal and held that to disclose the names of the three individuals would be to disclose theirpersonal data. In the case of Kjo v Xim[9], the claimant forged a will of his maternal grandmother. Later on, he pleaded guilty as his action was being detected and being sentenced to nine months imprisonment. After that, he moved and lived in Hong Kong. He was dogged for a long time by communications sent to various employers, potential employers and official bodies by his motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brother, the defendant, informing them of his conviction and sentence for forgery. The claimant alleged that that only came to his attention and the end of 2008, as the defendant had been at pains to conceal what he had been up too. The claimant has applied an injunction against the defendant to restrain him from communicating any further information about the 1992 conviction. His ground was there could be no legitimate purpose served by the defendant continuing his campaign. Subsequently, he applied for summary judgment based onData Protection Act 1998. The issue was whether summary judgment ought to be entered in favor of claimant on data protection claim based on Data Protection Act 1998 The court dismissed claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application as there had not been sufficient evidence of intention on the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s part. There was also no basis upon which the court could at the instant stage grant summary judgment. [1] Section 40 of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 [2] United Kingdom Data Protection Act 1998 [3] https://swarb.co.uk/h-a-healthcare-worker-v-associated-newspapers-limited-ca-27-feb-2002/ [4] https://www.1cor.com/1315/?form_1155.replyids=576 [5] https://www.5rb.com/case/lord-ashcroft-v-attorney-general-department-for-international-development/ [6] https://www.5rb.com/case/campbell-v-mgn-ltd-qbd/ [7] (2002)54 IPR 645 [8] [2 014] EWCA Civ 92 [9] [2011] EWHC 1768 (QB)

Nationwide Smoking Ban Smoking Should be Banned in All...

The effects of second-hand smoke have been well-known for decades; in fact, the Surgeon General warned the public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking laws that have emerged since the 1980s, and the regulations vary greatly (2010). This is extremely confusing. Some states have strict smoking bans†¦show more content†¦A parent wanting to take a child bowling or an asthmatic wishing to attend a professional hockey game would be out of luck in Missouri since those areas are not subject to public smoking bans. Lenient states like Missouri may be impeding national legislation for a federal smoking ban. These states may be scared of smoking bans because of the fears of local business owners. What they may not realize, though, is that a national smoking ban would eliminate many of these fears. Currently, the lack of a federal law means that states or regions wishing to impose bans have to worry about the impact on businesses. In 2007, Minnesota imposed a very strict state-wide smoking ban (Zdechlik, 2007).This is good, right? The problem is that the neighboring states did not have smoking bans at the time. Some bar owners feared that the bans would hurt their businesses (Erickson, n.d.). While any ban is better than none, a nation-wide ban is most effective for everyone. Another concern of local business owners is that patrons will simply stop going out in inclement or snowy weather if they have to smoke outside (Erickson, n.d.). 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A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Personal Statement Writer and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Personal Statement Writer and How to Avoid It What to Expect From Personal Statement Writer? Our private statement writers would love to present a set of private statement examples for your reference. In case you have any particular requirements for your private statement writer, like mentioning specific experiences, it will be accomplished! Our company would be thrilled to help you with some expert editing on your own personal statement essay. One is at the decision of the introduction. When writing your own private announcement, make sure to remain concentrated. If you don't have a time for writing your statement or you're confused about the content, we're here to aid you. When you haven't written one before, you should begin by reading our tips about how to compose a personal statement. Perhaps it is possible to find a sample statement on a blog that offers you tips on the best way to go about it but here is a tip. 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Political Leadership and Collective Goods †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Political Leadership and Collective Goods. Answer: Introduction This reflective report discusses the concepts of leadership along with leadership theories and models. It also shows the self-awareness tools such as MBIT and SWOT that is significant to evaluate the personality of an individual. This report presents the suggestion for future development. In last, it discusses the action plan to improve the weaknesses. I increased my leadership skills to my last workplace where I worked as a leader. I also understood that team leader can inspire the team member through motivation and addressing the feasible tools. I learned that a leader can refine vision which is implied by each member of the team individually and collectively to have ownership. In the current period, I worked as a leader wherein I analyzed my short coming. I will acknowledge to my weakness where needed. I will positively influence team member to perform activities on behalf of my orders. I also work on my issues that will need at the time of performing as a leader in the team. As well, I also support to my team member to do the same. I gained my knowledge about the ways to motivate the team members by using example and excitement. It is because, in case, leader fully aware of responsibilities then it can sometimes easier to obtain the effective result. I also gain my knowledge about leadership concepts it will support to increase my self-awareness. I understood that leadership is an authority of control the group about the accomplishments of a specified goal. Furthermore, I analyzed that leadership can be determined as a procedure where one person holds the supremacy to lead team member for attaining the objectives determined by the team or company (Shapiro, et al., 2016). A leader can be a person that inspires the other and lead the performance as well as behaviors of other. I also analyzed that instruction of leaders are followed by other due to their influencing personality. A leader can play an imperative role to build collaboration among the team to accomplish the objectives decided. An individual can become an effective leader consequently of this personality traits and approval of the team members. I also learned that a leader can be born or developed. I observed that many authors explained that a leader has birth quality wh ile other say that an effective leader is developed by offering him adequate training (Klenke, 2016). Leadership cannot possible in lack of followers (Sanders, 2017). Moreover, I observed that understanding about the leadership can support to improve my personality as well as a leadership style. Additionally, leaders have some characteristics that make different from other and influence to other to follow their instruction such as personality traits, personality traits, knowledge and experience, and formal authority. It is analyzed that, effective leadership is compulsory in a company because the leadership can lead the performance of workforce and inspire them that help to attain specified objectives of an organization (Lussier, et al., 2015). Knowledge of leadership models and theories I created my knowledge about the leadership models and theories. It can be supportive to make a transactional and transformational plan. I will use both transactional and transformational plan to perform the activity in future due to a reliable result. I improved my strength and weakness after the completion of the lecture. It will help to become transparent in the upcoming period. As a leader, I need to constantly learn new factors that can influence the leadership to influence a large number of people. My action plan to meet my upcoming leadership objectives are valid, reliable, measurable, and realistic. I will imply my plan to meet upcoming objective as leaders continuously address my progress by using the comprehensive plan as a structure. In addition, I observed that a transformational leadership tends to concentrate on the culture along with learning experience of persons. The major objective of transferring the priorities of team members is to inspire them to act beyond the expectations of organization or leader. I observed that transactional leadership can support to take a decision in oppose to the transfer of reward for compliance. The transactional leadership helps to take an effective decision about the performance of the individual. It permitted the leader to reward the individual accordance to the performance of team member (Ciulla, 2014).In addition, I also analyzed that a tutor can expect same to the student. In case, a student perform better in the classroom then they will be rewarded otherwise the student will be punished (Johnson, 2017). At the same time, I also analyzed that both of such leadership styles are imperative in my occupation and imply as long as possible. I analyzed that transformational lea ders seek a different style of working (Dinh, et al., 2014). During the lecture, I strived to understand the theories and models of leadership as it concentrates on our capability to direct. The consistently learning about the leadership can permit to learn new thing and contribute their best in the community as well as within the team (Verba, 2015). I also analyzed that the knowledge of leadership can positive impact on the improvement of personality. I gained my understanding of conflict, leadership style, and power that will be effective to meet the goal of team or organization. I also analyzed that the motivation, accommodation, and communication can be effective in the use of transformational leadership. I observed that my strength direct to the logical leadership style and on behalf of my perception the transformational leadership style can be effective to access the individual. Through transformational leadership model, leaders provide different types of services to the employees or team members such as inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation (Frohlich, 2015). I compared my past and current leadership style to measure the difference. I observed that my communication was not good that create the conflict during the communication. I addressed that it was a big issue for me because it resists me to accomplish the specified task of company or team systematically. I also observed that lack of conflict management skills can also a direct impact on the obtained result. Before this class, I was not able to manage the conflict forced me to compromise everyplace. From this lecture, I gained my knowledge about the conflict management and also effectively deal with the unexpected situation. It can be evaluated that leader firstly focus on the group member afterward task but at the same time, a leader has a need to focus on b alancing between individual and task (Tschannen, et al., 2014).In the last of lecture, I completely learned about a balanced approach that will be supportive to improve my leadership skills and become an effective leader in future. Additionally, I observed that each lecture was supportive for me because I improved my personal as well as professional skills beyond my expectation. In the current period, I am capable to handle the people issues along with inspiring them by charisma and rapport. The leadership can be effective in every field for build the team and meet the specified task in less time and cost (Boin, et al., 2016). I strive to gain my knowledge about the capability to lead classes, each team member to meet the common objective at hand. In the group, the aim is to gain learning the materials as is directed by values. I needed to control my time and resources in the management of workplace environment to meet the common goal. As a lender, I tried to bring the organized group due to making robust relationship among team members along with meet the specified goal in the boundaries of organization or team. I also learned that a leader can be accountable for success and failure of any team. Due to this, I will effectively instruct the team and always remember on my short comings. I observed that as a leader confidence and organizational skills can be imperative to meet the task systematically. I also analyzed that daily plan can also be imperative to attain the task. For this, I observed that, in case, a leader make an effective vision to attain the feasible result. I gained my knowledge of the methods that can be effective to easily influence a large number of people in less time and cost. I also gain my knowledge about the self-awareness tools and techniques that will be required to evaluate our personality. Myers-Brigs Type Indicator is an important tool of self-awareness (Chhokar, et al., 2013). Myers-Brigs Type Indicator is self-awareness tool that is based on the approach offered by Carl Jung on behalf of some elements such as feeling, sensation, thoughts, and intuition. This tool is supportive to address the ways by which a person makes a perception about other (Cashman, 2017). Strengths and parts for development During the lecture, I learned about the ways to analyze my personality systematically that was supportive for me to understand good future as well as the weakness of my personality, Additionally, I learned that self-awareness can help to define our personality, dislike and likes, and weakness and strength. The self-awareness can support to recognize at the time of under pressure and stress (Rock, 2014). Moreover, the self-awareness inspires team member as well as a leader to effectively communicate and make a robust interpersonal relation (Miner, 2015). In addition, I also learned about the competencies in an organization or group. It can be significant to improve my human, technical, business, and personal traits of people Green, 2017).This section determines that technical skills are a direct impact on the occupation of people (Northouse, 2017). Along with this, human skills are connected with interaction to individual and personal characteristics are associated with the people, self-esteem, intellectual capacity, and outcome orientation (Grohar, et al., 2016). I also learned that the business skills are associated with the business skills and commercial knowledge. I created my knowledge regarding the values that define the individual capabilities are important as individual live their lives. SWOT analysis can be used to analyze the internal characteristics of a person due to improving the personality and mitigate the weakness systematically. I learned about two kinds of leadership problems e.g. improve the emotional intelligence and pronunciation issues that are discovered from the self-awareness techniques. The leadership skills needed to be improved: explain the thought with actual pronunciation and developing emotional intelligence (Day, et al., 2014). Suggestions of cultural and social background on leadership style I gained my knowledge about different religious, cultural ground, and family to influence the other and also meet the specified task without any conflict. From the lecture, I understood that a team member should gain their knowledge about the leadership styles, communication ways, and way of presentation due to avoiding the misunderstanding issues within the group. Additionally, I also analyzed that knowledge about such cultural elements can enable the team member to meet the task of an organization in less time and cost. I also learned that a leader can assist the team member to communicate with each other without biases of cultural difference. I also observed that each individual of the group can be different leadership style that can be adopted on behalf of their education and genetic personality. I also analyzed that a hierarchy structure can be effective in an organization due to each level of member involvement in the decision making. In addition, I observed that an effective l eader cannot be known by any possession they are identified by their work. An effective leader can be capable to inspire other as well as communicating in an effective manner (Cameron, et al., 2014). I also analyzed that a leader can also be capable to eliminate the communication barrier to fosters cooperation and attain the competitive benefit. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that a leader should be aware of the leadership style because of motivating a large number of people in less time and cost. It can also be summarized that the knowledge about the values can also be crucial to attain the objective of an organization. Finally, it can be concluded that MBIT and Swot analysis can be appropriate self-awareness tool that will support to analyze the own behavior of the individual. References Boin, A., Stern, E., Sundelius, B. (2016)The politics of crisis management: Public leadership under pressure,USA: Cambridge University Press. Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., DeGraff, J., Thakor, A. V. (2014)Competing values leadership,USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cashman, K. (2017)Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life, USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013)Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies,UK: Routledge. Ciulla, J. B. (Ed.). (2014)Ethics, the heart of leadership, USA: ABC-CLIO. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014) Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp. 63-82. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014) Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Frohlich, N., Oppenheimer, J. A. (2015)Political leadership and collective goods, USA: Princeton University Press. Green, R. L. (2017) The four dimensions of principal leadership: A framework for leading 21st-century schools,USA: Pearson. Grohar-Murray, M. E., DiCroce, H. R., Langan, J. C. (2016) Leadership and management in nursing, USA: Pearson. Johnson, C. E. (2017)Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow, USA: Sage Publications. Klenke, K. (Ed.). (2016)Qualitative research in the study of leadership, USA: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015)Leadership: Theory, application, skill development, USA: Nelson Education. Miner, J. B. (2015)Organizational Behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. UK: Routledge. Northouse, P. G. (2017)Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice, USA: Sage Publications. Rock, D. (2014)Quiet leadership, USA: HarperCollins e-books. Sanders, J. O. (2017)Spiritual leadership: Principles of excellence for every believer,USA: Moody Publishers. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016)Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas,USA: Routledge. Tschannen-Moran, M. (2014) Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools, USA: John Wiley Sons. Verba, S. (2015)Small groups and political behavior: A study of leadership, USA: Princeton University Press.

Concepts for the study of Contemporary International Relations

Introduction Studies in international relations have constantly focused on critical aspects that shape modern nations of the world. Hence, terms such as nationalism, sovereignty, globalisation, security and regionalism have always topped the list under the discussion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts for the study of Contemporary International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These terms have been pivotal in understanding social and political systems of the world states as well as the economic structures on a wider scale and how they influence relations with other states on a global perspective. In evaluating the prospect of world states, it is argued that the role of the state has histrionically weakened as a consequence of cultural, economic and different forms of globalization taking place. Besides, the realist school of international relations explains that the state autonomy remains the int ricate systems of the international system. Although other schools of thought emphasize on the proliferation of the nationalist drive, determined to become sovereign nation-states, Eichengreen and Frankel (1995) demonstrates that regionalism will remain stronger than any other forces of international relations because it encompasses nationalism, globalisation, security and sovereignty of modern states. Regionalism creates a sense of purpose and identity and establishes institutions that express a given identity and fix a collective action within a region. Thus, modern states have experienced globalisation, economic growth, integration and security, among others, as a result of regionalism. In this paper the writer explains why regionalism is important in the study of contemporary international relations. In an attempt to unravel its importance, the writer explores regionalism and discusses a brief history of regionalism and explores that regionalism is important in the study of cont emporary international relations because it enhances development, regional identity, associative and organisational coherence and facilitates democratization and state building.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regionalism Pundits of international relations have argued that the well being of states in the future will be based on regionalism (Webber, 2001). Regionalism has assisted nations to mitigate the challenges arising from globalisation because it allows nations in a given region to pull their resources, ideas, political inclination for a mutual cause. In understanding regionalism, we should first know what a region is. Various authors have put forward five arguments about what constitutes a region. In his explanation, Buzan and Little (2000) term region as a geographical unit encircled by few or more natural landscapes and marked by ecological topographies. On the o ther hand, Eichengreen and Frankel (1995) term region as a â€Å"proto-region†, since it is not a structured society. Thus, in regionalising such a region, it has to be occupied by human beings and maintain some sort of relationship. However, according to Wyatt-Walter (1995), a region is a social arrangement that involves trans-local relations between human clusters. He further points out that such arrangement constituent units dependent on each other and forms the basis for universal security of the regional system (Hine, 1992). Buzan and Waever (2003) indicate that a region is a field organised in terms of economics, politics, culture and the military. In such an organization, a region is demarcated by states which are recognised members of the regional organization in context. However, where there is no organised cooperation between parties, regionalism lacks sense. According to Devetak and Burke (2011), region is a civil society where its organization’s structures is enhanced to promote and facilitate social convergence and communication of values across the region. In fact, Baldwin (2006) notes that the pre-existence of cultural and shared traditions in a specific region is what shapes civil society because culture is unceasingly created and recreated. In enhancing regionalism, Wyatt-Walter (1995) notes that a region acts as a subject with a unique identity, legitimacy, actor capability and a structure for decision making. Thus, this provides ways for intervention on important matters between nations and establishment of welfare structures to promote collective responsibility and regional balance (Webber, 2001). Why Regionalism? Historical Perspective Though regionalism dates back to 1880’s, the term gained much recognition in the early 1950s and 1960’s. It was further strengthened during the post-Cold War. Presently, regional pessimists and optimists concur that regionalism is increasing at a faster pace in the world.Advertisi ng We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts for the study of Contemporary International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eichengreen and Frankel (1995) point out that the turning point of regionalism was in the mid 1980’s with the passing of the Single European Act, this Act shaped the global economy besides transforming the global system. Nevertheless, it led to the demise of the Cold war. Buzan and Little (2000) demonstrates that the creation of the United Nations after the second World War gave a new dimension on how regional bodies would efficiently handle conflicts and disputes better than universal organisations among geographically adjacent nations (Johnston, 2003). While the regionalism argument was concerned with security issues for instance, the advent of European integration during the 1950’s lifted the focus of regionalism to incorporate economic regionalism. Buzan and Waever (2003) indi cates that after major wars in less than 50 years, European nations realised that regionalism was the only strategy to secure peace and achieve reconciliation among the European states. However, the major argument was how the states would cede their sovereignty (Wyatt-Walter, 1995). Thus, regionalism begun by cooperation in limited economic, functional and technical areas where ceding sovereignty would be limited while the merging of technical skills in administrative systems would fix tangible benefits by giving solutions to common challenges (Fawcett, 2004). Though the Americas and Europe have advanced the sense of institutionalised regionalism, most countries have indicated commitment to greater and wider unity within the frameworks of existing organizations (Hine, 1992). This is manifested in organisations such as the African Union, AU, Association of South-East Asian countries, ASEAN and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, among others (Eichengreen Frankel, 1995). Th us, the aspect of security, policy integration, economic growth and political advancement together with others has contributed to the proliferation of new regional groupings and the revival of old regional ones (Webber, 2001). By this, regionalism in the present world has aimed at augmenting regional issues while reflecting a global identity.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strength of Regionalism Development At the centre of any regionalism is development. Dieter and Higgott (2003) indicate that regionalism encompasses the traditional elements of cooperation in aspects such as enhancing the economies of scale, territorial size and others. These elements are currently transforming the regions and the world economy. Regionalism has encouraged self-reliance among the member states (Fawcett, 2004). Though self-reliance is not viable at the state level, it has played a pivotal role at the regional level by defining improvement of infrastructure, coordination of production and invoking use of complementaries. Moreover, regionalism has elaborate economic policies which are stable and consistent with regional arrangements. This policy allows member states to underpin their national policies with that of the region. East African Community (2000) gives an example of East Africa Community, EAC. The EAC has allowed individual member states to develop exclusive ec onomic strategies based on the documents available at its secretariat. Muthaura note that the Ugandan government has utilized these documents by adopting Vision 2020 and Medium Term Competitive Strategy (Muthaura, 1999). The strategy presents a comprehensive system to support private sector development. Similarly, Tanzania, a member state of EAC has adopted Vision 205, SME Policy and the BEST Programme. BEST is to be implemented in a five-year period. It has five basic parts which will help improve commercial dispute resolution and achieve better regulations (East African Community, 2000). On the other hand, Kenya has adopted the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation. The policy grants preference to sound governance and rule of law, creating the environment for investment and investing in human capital for the poor. It also places an emphasis on developing SMEs among others (East African Community, 2000). Buzan and Waever (2003) explains that regionalism serv es as building blocks towards achieving economic globalisation. He explains that whatever is evolving across the world is not the protectionist trading blocs intended to alienate any particular region from the rest of the world, but to enhance an economic association that supports growth and development within regions and making borders more porous. For instance, Johnston (2003) notes that the Association of South Asian Nations Free Trade Area, AFTA, North America Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA and the Common Market of the South, MERCOSUR have elaborate building blocs in that the state’s well-being does not, in any way hinder another’s wealth but the groupings assist individual nations to recognize the global economy is not a zero sum game but an expanding space (Hine, 1992). Similarly, Moore (2000) shows in his speech â€Å" Regional trade agreements, in line with multilateral liberalisation† in Buenos Aires, WTO’s director, Mike Moore ascertained that regi onal trading blocs can help individual countries, especially the developing nations to sharpen and enhance efficiency of their industries, serve as a springboard to integrate into the global economy and build their comparative advantages (Moore, 2000). Besides, regionalism can also help establish political commitment dedicated towards a transparent and open economy (Moore, 2000). Regional Identity Constructivism emphasizes the need of values, ideas and identity in global relations. Constructivism is a cognitive and social construct that focuses on how people from different states coalesce under a shared sense of region. Dieter and Higgott (2003) points out that constructivists recognise regionalism as a set of thought practices fashioned by political and language discourse, which by the establishment of concepts, facilitates the creation of regional identity. Similarly, Muthaura (1999) explains that regional community is the growth and expansion of the region into a dynamic subject with an institutionalized capability, distinct identity and systematic structure of decision making in regard with responsive transcending old state borders and regional civil society. Most regional groupings have embraced constructivism to further their regional identity. For example, Acharya (2001) shows that while East Asia stands as a highly diverse region, it has grown in regional identity formation. Similarly, cultural exchanges and intra-regional social networks have gained much momentum in East Asia because of foreign travels, movement of people and international student exchanges (Johnston, 2003). Thus, from a constructivist perspective, ASEAN regionalism has encouraged interaction that focuses on norms which underpin regional identity (Acharya, 2001). Highlighting the effect of norms, ASEAN is perceived as fostering regional identity. Associative and Organisational Coherence Associative coherence is a term predominantly concerned with regional-level links of inference that get established between actors. It is a concept resulting from a constructivist view of new regionalism. Oman (1994), notes that the main unifiers of associative coherence emanate from cultural and social nature and their vital focus is the society, people and groups. Regionalism cannot advance effectively by failing to strengthen associative links among the societies, groups and people in the region. Devetak and Burke (2011) explains that most of the established regional bodies have consistently enhanced this strategy. For example, the East Asia has strengthened the associative coherence in regard to social-ethnic demography, economic development, socio-cultural characteristics and political structures (Oman, 1994). However, there are slight diversity challenges being advanced by strong nationalistic feelings that remain a key feature because of historical mistrusts (Baylis Owens, 2010). Baylis and Owens (2010) also point out that organisational coherence is a term relating to ho w regionalism may be transformed or take some kind of organisational form. Its attributes are administrative based, while corporate and political actions are the key unifiers of organisational coherence. Regionalism has played a key role in organisation coherence. For example, the East Asia is a home of a growing number of regional level associations and non-governmental organisations. These organisations have been pivotal in strengthening regionalism (Baldwin, 2006). Moreover, the East Asian Summit, EAS and ASEAN +3 are regional structures where other bodies such as the APEC and ASEA are regional organisations (Dieter Higgott, 2003). These four bodies provide regional-level functions such as providing a capacity path envisioning the organisation’s goals, regulating meetings of civil society groups, business and political leaders and cooperating on programs and activities of the organisations. Democratisation and State Building Aside from promoting political, security issues , economy, cooperation and community, regionalism consolidates democratization and state building. It plays a critical role in managing the negative effects of globalisation. According to Milner (1997), most case studies drawn from parts of Asia, Europe and Americas have been used to support this assertion. For instance, in the case of ASEAN, Milner (1997), indicates that regionalism grants weaker nations an opening, enabling them to avoid being marginalized and dominated by leading powers. Similarly, Baylis and Owens (2010) note that since the creation of the Asia Europe Meeting, ASEM in 1996, the ASEAN and EU nations have sustained cooperation in common areas of concerns such as human rights and economics (Fawcett, 2004). Additionally, the EU has fixed relations with MERCOSUR and initiated consultations with NAFTA on establishing the Atlantic Free Trade Area, AFTA. US is a key member of NAFTA and has also entered into negotiation with MERCOSUR with the aim of encouraging closer ti es and cooperation (Baldwin, 2006). Conclusion Regionalism has provided a basis for constructing a series of multilateral relationships which have been essential in transforming how states relate to one another. The developing system of cooperative networks is providing a new dimension to regional cooperation. Besides, regional states have witnessed economic interdependence, especially through domestic structural reforms, external liberalisation and market driven integration. Many forces have challenged established sovereignties coupled with internationalisation and globalisation defies, and the advent of new political systems, the world states have been limited in policies and control. Hence, regionalism is offering the world a new facet of shaping state activities. Various states have joined/formed regionalism to further their interests. Thus, from the Americas, Africa, Europe to Asia and Australia, many regional organisations have come into existence solving numerous challenges ( Eichengreen Frankel, 1995). Regionalism is the way to go; it has contributed to state development through forming trading alliances. Trading blocs have spurred development by reducing trade barriers and encouraging free movement of people. S imilarly, regionalism has enhanced regional identity within states. States within the same region have merged establishing a shared sense of regionalism; this has fixed seamless culture, economy and political systems of individual states. Beside, regionalism has created associative and organisational coherence among states; the closeness of the states bordering one another has fixed cultural and social ties among others. This strategy has helped promote peace and cohesion, security and economic activities among the states. Lastly, regionalism has developed and enhanced democratisation and state building of nations. Regionalism plays a key role in fixing the challenges faced by states such as political, economic and social issues. It has given w eaker nation’s more powers and curtailed the domination of the stronger states. Stronger nations have engaged with weaker nations under the same rules and policies. Trust and respect among other core values have been the guiding principles for fruitful cooperation. Thus, by enhancing development, promoting regional identity, building associative coherence and living in the spirit of democratisation and state building we can infer that regionalism is most important in studying contemporary international relations. References Acharya, A. 2001, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order, Routledge, New York. Baldwin, R. E. 2006, â€Å"Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocks on the Path to Global Free Trade†, The World Economy, Vol. 29. No. 11, pp. 1451–518. Baylis, J. S. S. Owens P. 2010, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Fifth Edition), Oxfor d: Oxford University Press. Devetak, R. A. Burke J. G. 2011, An Introduction to International Relations,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Buzan, B. Little, R. 2000, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Buzan, B. Waever, O. 2003, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dieter, H. Higgott, R. 2003, ‘Exploring alternative theories of economic regionalism: from trade to finance in Asian co-operation?’ Review of International Political, Economy, Vol. 10. No. 34, pp. 430-454. East African Community 2000, The Second EAC Development Strategy 2001-2005, EAC Secretariat, Arusha. Eichengreen, B. Frankel, J. A. 1995, ‘Economic regionalism: Evidence from two 20th century episodes.’ North American Journal of Economics Finance, Vol. 6. No. 24, pp. 89-106. Fawcett, L. 2004, ‘Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism’, International Affairs, Vol.80. No. 3, pp. 429-446. Hine, R. C. 1992, â€Å"Regionalism and the Integration of the World Economy,† Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 30. No. 2, pp. 45- 98. Johnston, A. I. 2003, ‘Socialization in international institutions: The ASEAN way and international relations theory’. In International Relations and the Asia-Pacific, eds G.J.Ikenberry and M. Mastanduno. New York: Columbia University Press. Milner, HV 1997, ‘Industries, governments, and regional trade blocs’. In Mansfield and HV Milner (eds) The Political Economy of Regionalism, Roudlege, New York. Moore, M. 2000, Globalising Regionalism: A New Role for Mercosur in the Multilateral Trading System. Web. Muthaura, F. 1999, In Perspectives on Regional Integration and Co-operation in East Africa, Nairobi. Oman, C. 1994, Globalisation and Regionalisation: The Challenge for Developing Countries. Paris, OECD. Webber, D. 2001, ‘Tw o funerals and a wedding? The ups and downs of regionalism in East Asia and Asia-Pacific after the Asian crisis.’ The Pacific Review, Vol. 14. No. 6, pp. 339-372. Wyatt-Walter, A. 1995, ‘Regionalism, globalization, and world economic order’. In L Fawcett (eds), Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press, Hurrell. This essay on Concepts for the study of Contemporary International Relations was written and submitted by user Makenzie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Symbolic Meaning of Dr. T. J. Eckleburgs Eyes essays

The Symbolic Meaning of Dr. T. J. Eckleburgs Eyes essays Many writers use symbols in their works in order to show different aspects of life. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbols in his most famous book, The Great Gatsby. There is a green light that represents Jay Gatsbys hope for a future with Daisy Buchanan. He sees the light from across the bay and believes that it a sign that he should try to win back Daisys affection. However, the most important symbol in the entire book is probably the enormous eyes painted on an advertisement billboard. First introduced on page 27, the billboard is an old advertisement for an oculist. The eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleberg, as they were named, are described as ...blue and gigantic their retinas (pupils or irises) are one yard high (p. 27) and ...dimmed a little by many paintless days under the sun and rain, brood over the solemn dumping ground (p. 28). The billboard overlooks the Valley of Ashes, a wasteland where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills, and grotesque gardens (p.27). People have long polluted this area with dumped ashes, garbage, and manure. The eyes are representative of the eyes of God. They look down upon the people who pass through the valley and judge them. It seems as though this God simply watches over the people and maybe even protects them, but near the end of the novel, that idea appears to be the opposite of what the God really does. Since these eyes watch over the people, they see all of the things that people do good or bad. They act as a judge of virtue and, in the end, they punish all of those who had questionable morals. The punishments began with the death of Myrtle Wilson, Tom Buchanans lover. Her death was a sentence for selling her soul for the love of money. It was also a penalization for Tom, since he lost his mistress when Myrtle died. Jay Gatsby was another person penalized because of Myrtles death. First, the fact...